Leonardo da Vinci influenced this form of rhetoric by establishing the art form of caricature, and as a result political cartoons were used for propaganda and satire as far back as the Protestant Reformation. Like exchanges in presidential debates, they incorporate elements that can be appreciated by both intellectuals and popular audiences however, cartoons have the capacity to be simultaneously clearer and deeper than debate moments. I'll post a blog specifically on chromolithographs in the near future.Political cartoons communicate complex ideas concisely and often humorously. A chromolithograph is a colored lithograph, with at least three colors, in which each color is printed from a separate stone and where the image is composed from those colors. Sometimes, hand highlight color is added to a tinted lithograph. ![]() A tinted lithograph is a lithograph whose image is printed from one stone and which has wash color for tinting applied from one or two other stones. Most lithographs are printed with a black or sepia ink, and many were issued that are hand colored. After that time lithography quickly replaced intaglio processes for most illustrative and commercial applications, for the design was easier to apply to the stone or plate, it was much easier to rework or correct a design, and many more images could be produced without loss of quality than in any of the intaglio processes. Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in 1798 but didn’t come into general use until the 1820s. The tuche holds to the stone in a pattern that follows the grain of the stone, so an examination of a lithographic image under magnification shows that stone grain (this is the way one can distinguish an original lithograph from a collotype, which is a planographic process but shows the pattern of the photographic gelatin used to create the image). While zinc plates were used late in the nineteenth century, most antique lithographs are printed from Bavarian limestone (other types of limestone were tried, but that from Bavaria works the best). The image is printed onto the paper from the stone or plate, which can be re-inked many times without wear.Īs the process is planographic, no platemark is created when a lithograph is printed. To create a lithograph, the stone or plate is washed with water-which is repelled by the crayon-and then with ink-which is absorbed by the crayon. The process is based on the principle that grease and water do not mix. For antique prints, the only planographic original prints are lithographs.Ī lithograph is created by drawing an image onto a stone (lithography = “stone-drawing”) or metal plate using a grease crayon or a greasy ink called tusche. Because the matrix is not physically modified to hold the ink, the process depends upon a chemical reaction. ![]() Whereas a relief print has its image printed from a raised surface, and an intaglio print has its image printed from a recessed image, a planographic print has its image printed from a flat surface. ![]() Today I'll talk about the third major type of original print, planographic prints. In previous blogs, I talked about two types of original prints, relief prints and intaglio prints.
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